Jack Johnson and history of the wrench Essay

Jack Johnson was an amazing man that changed history. His contribution to the world (the wrench) is still used widely throughout the world. The world and all things are either created by nature or man made, if man made it was probably constructed using hardware tools maybe including a wrench. Jack Johnson invented a history changing invention and patented it on April 18, 1922. This invention still changes lives today by putting together many of our belongings. Things like cars are repaired using a wrench and bicycles are made using wrenches. Things like chairs, beds, tables, and shelves are usually either created or fixed using a wrench and other hardware materials. A wrench is a tool that is used by hand and is used for making and repairing things. A wrench can loosen or tighten bolts, nuts, or nails using it adjustable teeth at the front of the tool. The first wrench was patented by Solymon Merrick in 1835. There is a variety of different wrenches that include; Monkey Wrench, Ratchet Wrench, Pipe Wrench, and the Rachetless Wrench, all of these different tools perform different functions. The wrench may seem like a simple hardware tool yet it is complicated, tedious, and a very precise piece of hardware.

Middle-Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice

Middle Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Lisa M. Sanford Maryville University Middle Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Nursing theory has three distinct categories to describe the level of abstraction: Grand, Middle-Range, and Situation-Specific (Meleis, 2012, p. 33). Hugh McKenna (1997) defined these three categories, stating: Grand theory is highly abstract and is broad in scope. Middle-range theory is more focused and is normally the end product of a research study.Narrow-range theory is even more specific and while also being based on research findings, it guides specific actions in the achievement of desirable goals (p. 17). When thinking about nursing theory, one might ask: What is the purpose of theory? Is it even relevant to current nursing practice? The best response to answer these questions I have found is from Meleis (2012): The primary uses of theory are to provide insights about nursing practice situations and to guide research. Through int eraction with practice, theory is shaped and guidelines for practice evolve.Research validates, refutes, and/or modifies theory as well as generates new theory. Theory then guides practice (p. 35). This explanation of theory by Meleis identifies nursing as a profession. Without theory to shape and guide nursing practice and research, nursing would not evolve and would remain stagnant. Additionally, without theory could nurses really claim that we are a profession? I think not. I believe that theory is necessary for the identity of nursing as a profession verses a vocation.The nursing profession as a whole has had issues with identity for various reasons. I believe this to be true in part due to the numerous educational ways of entering the profession. I cannot think of any other field where one could earn either a diploma, two-year associate’s degree or a four-year baccalaureate degree as a starting point into a profession. The educational debate still continues, however, in recent years more emphasis is being made to have the baccalaureate nurse the entry level of the nursing profession.Evidence from research has suggested that the baccalaureate-prepared nurse is associated with a five percent lower mortality rates in both the likelihood of patients dying within 30 days of admission and the odds of failure to rescue in hospitalized clients (Aiken, Clarke, Cheung, Sloane, & Silber, 2003, p. 1617). This research study was conducted because nursing is a profession. Would research in nursing even exist if there were no theory? All in all, taken to its end, the loss of theory could mean the demise of nursing as a profession.When reflecting on current trends of clinical practice, I feel that middle-range theories are more applicable. Middle-range theories are broad enough to incorporate in everyday clinical practice for the average floor nurse without being too narrow in scope as the situation-specific theories. Additionally, middle-range theories are less a bstract than grand theories and are easier to relate to and put into practice (Liehr & Smith, 1999, p. 85). One example of applying middle-range nursing theory into practice is patient education. Patient education is a major focus of the clients I serve post transplant.It is imperative that a newly transplanted client understand his/her medications that are such an integral part of their new life in order to maintain the transplanted organ. â€Å"Caring through Relation and Dialogue: A Middle-Range Theory for Patient Education is derived from the two disciplines of nursing and education† (Sanford, 2000, p. 8). According to Sanford (2000), A middle-range theory addressing the phenomenon of patient education through caring can add clarity and direction to this area of concern for nursing, and it can provide an opportunity to link theory, practice, and research (p. ). Caring and dialogue are described in this theory as follows: Dialogue is a process of naming our world. It is a process that opens the possibility for participants to pose problems, to critically reflect, and to perceive solutions not previously realized. This process occurs within a caring relation where the carer and the cared-for exhibit receptivity and engage in â€Å"reflection, invitation, assessment, revision, and further exploration† (p. 9). Another example of the applicability of middle-range theory is the theory of care transitions.A hot topic in today’s times involves hospital acquired conditions (HACs) and readmission rates. Medicare expenditures are estimated at $15 billion annually due to readmissions (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a result, policymakers have implemented the The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, which eliminates any increase in hospital payments due to the occurrence of HACs. Furthermore, it is viewed that high readmission rates are a reflection of poor quality, and ospital payments for readmissions were recommended in the FY2010 budget from the O bama Administration to reduce payments for readmissions as one way of controlling Medicare expenditures (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a staff nurse, I am all aware of the importance of HACs and the importance of diligent documentation. For example, when a client is admitted a thorough assessment is completed. Wounds and skin breakdown are crucial to document upon an admission or a transferred client to our division.If the documentation of skin assessment is not completed correctly, then the â€Å"blame† is placed on our unit for an ulceration if it was not charted within 24 hours of admission. What are the causes or issues that surround care transitions? Increasingly fragmented care is one reason associated with hospital readmission rates. Issues include communication breakdowns related to plans of care, unclear expectations, uncertainty about illness trajectories, lack of continuity in medical follow-up, and incomplete or inaccurate understanding of medication regimens (Geary & Schumacher, 2012, p. 237).In my practice of nursing, the utilization of inpatient care management for clients begins upon admission in preparation for discharge. A multidisciplinary approach of the transplant team includes the doctors, inpatient nurses, social workers, dieticians, case coordinators, post-transplant coordinators, and transplant pharmacists working together to coordinate and ensure continuity of care upon discharge. According to Geary & Schumacher (2012), â€Å"Through the transition process, agents act and interact within relationship with each other, causing emergence of new behaviors and outcomes.Just as important, through supportive dialogue and discussion, sensemaking is enabled for everyone involved in the transition, effectively reenvisioning multiple understandings of the situation and changing outcomes for the better† (p. 246). Middle-range nursing theories can be viewed as a cookbook for nursing. There are many recipies in the middle-range th eories which can be utilized by the average hospital-based nurse in a variety of ways. In any given 12-hour shift of a nurse, there are several theories which can be applied to specific situations.I have unknowingly used nursing theory in my practice over the years. This course has brought to my attention the diverse ways in which I have used middle-range nursing theories and has given me a better understanding of how nursing theory is applied to current clinical nursing practice. It is my opinion that middle-range nursing theories will continue to guide nursing practice throughout the 21st Century. References Aiken, L. H. , Clarke, S. P. , Cheung, R. B. , Sloane, D. M. , & Silber, J. H. (2003).Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical Patient Mortality. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(12), 1617-1623. Averill, R. F. , McCullough, E. C. , Hughes, J. S. , Goldfield, N. I. , Vertrees, J. , & Fuller, R. L. (2009, Summer). Redisigning the Medicare Inpatient PPS to Reduce Payments to Hospitals with High Readmission Rates. Health Care Financing Review, 30(4), 1-15. Geary, C. R. , & Schumacher, K. L. (2012). Care Transitions: Integrating Transition Theory and Complexity Science Concepts.Advances in Nursing Science, 35(3), 236-248. Liehr, P. , & Smith, M. J. (1999). Middle Range Theory: Spinning Research and Practice to Create Knowledge forthe New Millennium. Advances in Nursing Science, 21(4) 81-91. McKenn, H. (1997). Nursing Theories and Models. New York: Routledge. Meleis, A. I. (2012). Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress (5th ed. ). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Sanford, R. (2000, March). Caring through Relation and Dialogue: A Nursing Perspective for Patient Education. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(3), 1-15.

ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE VALUE WHEN UNDERTAKING CORPORATE CLIMATE Dissertation

ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE VALUE WHEN UNDERTAKING CORPORATE CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSIBILITY EXPERIENCED BY THAI AIRWAY - Dissertation Example The research also seeks to evaluate sustainable values that the company might have gained as a result of implementing corporate climate change responsibilities; as well as highlighting the opportunities that the values created have resulted in for the company. The methods thus used in all these endeavors are catered for in this section of the research paper. Research Design The overall approach adapted towards the present research makes use of both qualitative and quantitative data collection. This study can therefore not be described as either being a qualitative research or a quantitative research but a combination of the two. In such a situation, it was only important that a type of research design that focuses on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative research be selected (Bandla, 2008). To this end, the researcher selected case study as the preferred research design to cater for the present research. It will be noted that once used as a research design, case study of fers the researcher the opportunity to critically analyze and evaluate a specific situation within a specified destination (Belobaba, 2007). In the present circumstance, the situation studied was the institutionalization of corporate climate change responsibility and the destination was Thai Airways. ... study, the researcher is in a position to conduct detailed review of related literature as a means of collecting secondary data to cater for the secondary data collection process. The research is also offered an opportunity to visiting the actual destination that is of focus to the research to collect data through the use of various data collection approaches to cater for the primary data collection component of the research (Carvalho and Puterman, 2003). Population and Sample Size Generally, the population of the research refers to all people who carry some degree of possibility of participating in the data collection exercises; especially the primary data collection (Chatwin, 2009). Going through the research objectives and research questions, it would be noticed that the scope of the research is very wide with many different groups of stakeholders whose contributions would all come together to ensure the success of the research and the achievement of the research aim. Because of t his, the researcher has categorized members of the population into two major groups namely clients and service providers. By clients, reference is being made to all people who may benefit from the corporate climate change policy to be adapted by the company in one way or the other. The service providers also refer to key policy makers within the Thai Airways whose activities generally contribute to the successful running of the day-to-day business of the company. These include employees, managers and shareholders. Of the two groups of population, it could be seen that there are too many people to include in the research all at a go. For this reason, the researcher set a quota for each of the groups of population members to constitute the sample size (Feng and Gallego, 2005). In order to

Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Dissertation - Essay Example each of the variables is numeric in nature, most part of the findings involved the use of tables and graphs even though the subjective descriptive analysis of the findings maintained the study’s qualitative nature. Data was collected by first measuring the corruption perception index of Spain. This gave an overall idea of the level of corruption in the countries. The corruption perception index was then compared to each of the economic variables, which also serve as predictors of economic downturn. Results from the study have confirmed that corruption has a negative impact on two of the variables namely GDP growth rate and household income. The various dynamics associated with the occurrence of corruption makes it the effect of corruption on the economy very varying. On the whole, it can be said that the more widespread cases of corruption within a given economy is, the larger the effect that will be felt. It is against this background that economists have for long sought to establish the relationship that exists between corruption and economic progress. As far as the relationship between corruption and economic progress is concerned, opinions remain largely divided in both theory and principle. Whereas some see a possible coexistence between corruption and development (Kang 59), other school of thought argues that corruption and development cannot coexist and that corruption is the biggest obstacle to economic development of a country (Keefer and Knack79). There are actually some extremist economists who posit that not only does corruption act as an obstacle to economic development but that corruption could be a key i ssue leading to economic downturn. Knowing that economic downturn is a period of business cycle contraction and slowdown in economic activity (Werlin 782), one would see corruption as a very serious canker with the worse consequential economic effects. But until there is some level of empirical research that justifies the relationship between

The Broadway Cafe Part II Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Broadway Cafe Part II - Case Study Example These coupons are sent through SMS, MMS, Bluetooth and other mobile media. The consumer can redeem coupon at store or through internet. The mobile coupons are better than the traditional paper coupon in such a way because the coupons are reliable means of encouraging bulk purchases. Whether the product or service is traditional or not the coupon promotes experiment among new target customers. It can promote sales. Once the product is sold through proper distribution channel, the coupon ensures that they sell through to the end user. Through mobile coupon, companies can make a database of customers, because to ‘receive their check’ the customers must provide their number and address. These databases help the company to track purchasers (Mobile Market Association, 2007). There are other benefits of using mobile coupon which include: Customers always keep mobile with them, so they can never leave mobile coupon at home Customer can use mobile coupon system whenever they pref er to buy or eat anything from shop. All they have to do is to send the coupons before lunch time Customer can forward these coupons to their friends and relatives and they will not have to pay any extra charges for forwarding coupons Young people and teenagers prefer mobile coupon system to traditional printed coupon system Uses of mobile coupon can save trees because it doesn’t need any paper unlike the tradition coupon system (Advanced Mobile Solutions, 2010). Question 2 What Are The Risks Involved With Mobile Marketing And M-Coupons? Many customers are disturbed by receiving any type of marketing messages into mobile because mobile is a personal thing (Marketing Minefield, 2007). Mobile is good for marketing, but there are many mobiles which support only 160 characters per SMS and that is not enough to display all information about any special offer (Marketing Minefield, 2007). Privacy is a big issue in mobile phone. At times, customers provide instruction to mobile subsc riber to opt out any unnecessary messages. Because of troubles related with opt-in SMS lists, this marketing technique has its own restrictions towards the customers (Marketing Minefield, 2007). Standardization is also a drawback of mobile coupon system, because each phone has their operating system, different screen size and different browsers. Marketers have to optimize their phone to the customers’ phone for delivering any kind of advertisements or WebPages (Business Link, n.d.). Customers are cautious nowadays to respond to SMS messages because of increase in fraudulent and spam SMSs. They respond negatively to unwanted messages (Business Link, n.d.). Question 3 What Are The Privacy Issues Involved With Mobile Marketing And M-Coupons? In mobile marketing system, securing privacy is a ‘commercially valuable benefit’ which protect customer’s privacy in online environment. Customers always value their privacy. They are always cautious whether a wireless s ite is tracking and receiving any private information about them. It is common that every company needs demographic and behavioral information about their customers for business purposes, but customer feel that no company has the right to sell their information to other organization. The ultimate solution to this conflict is to make a partnership with customers where company can control the ownership of customer’

The role of OS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

The role of OS - Essay Example Some of the most common functionalities of any operating system are mentioned below: History of Operating Systems starts as early as the first computing machine. It is a subject of great researched and every generation is adding more features to the operating system making them more and more efficient. The modern operating systems can be broadly classified into two categories: Microsoft Windows is the most common household operating system widely present. Its success mainly is a result of its user interface which is very user friendly. Windows has a graphical user interface which makes it very easy for the user to select options and issue commands. XP was the latest success of the Windows family. The user interacts with the hardware in form of buttons, boxes and images by clicking the mouse. Any layman without any experience working with computers can easily work on GUI based operating systems. UNIX on the other hand is an operating system which is not GUI based. Users working on UNIX have to remember commands and type the commands to achieve results. Although UNIX is quite popular on the research front, it did not gain wide acceptability because of the lack of a graphical user interface. There is no well defined fact as to which operati... There is no well defined fact as to which operating system is better than the other. Every OS has its own disciples and haters. Every commercially available OS has its own pros and cons. Microsoft operating systems are easy to use but are expensive and low on security. Linux and UNIX on the other hand are freely available and extremely secure but lack a user friendly user interface. It depends on the type of the user and his nature of requirements that finally decides which OS would be the best for him. Answer 2 An Operating System acts an interface between the user and the computer. Although most users would have had some experience with an operating system, it is very difficult to precisely define the purpose of an operating system. This difficulty arrives mainly due to the fact that an operating system performs two basically unrelated functions: Extended Machine and Resource Manager (Tanenbaum, 1987). As an extended machine the operating system assists the architectural components (Instruction Set, Memory, IO) to understand the user input, provides them with their requirements to solve the user problem and give the result back to the user. As a resource manager the Operating System provides the users with a top-down view. The operating System performs the job of controlled and orderly allocation of processors, memory and IO devices among the various tasks that are competing for them. Based on the above discussion the primary purposes of an Operating System can be enlisted as under: Process Management: Process is defined as an instance of a program that is currently under execution (Stallings, 2002). A process needs certain resources such as CPU time, memory, files and IO devices to accomplish its tasks. The Operating System is responsible

The War on Drugs and the War on Terrorism Research Paper

The War on Drugs and the War on Terrorism - Research Paper Example Some scholars perceive these two issues as results of poor leadership styles and poor leadership characters, suggesting eradication may be possible with quality and ideal leadership. This paper seeks to examine the war on terrorism and the war on drugs, as well as analyze the importance of leadership in avoiding these issues. Introduction Terrorism and drugs are among the social issues that negatively affects a nation and the universal society as a whole. The two issues destroy the pillars of the society, potentially destroying inter community and intra community relations. For several decades, the fight against these two issues has been of concern to media. This war on drugs and terrorism began actively in the twentieth century when the two issues began significantly affecting the societal setup in various communities (Richman, 2002). Some scholars perceive these two issues as results of poor leadership styles and poor leadership characters, suggesting eradication may be possible with quality and ideal leadership. Essentially, societal problems such as use of drugs within a community or involvement in terror attacks often occur because of poor leadership or the exclusion of these groups from leadership decisions. In societies experiencing terrorism and drug issues, the leaders of that society have the responsibilitie s to ensure that these issues diminish from these issues. The challenges facing these leaders including designing strategies, and implementing them, as well as enforcing them to advocate for drug and terrorism eradication from the society. Regardless of the capabilities of leaders, they need a team to lead a society against such wars. The problem is designing a team and administration that is competent enough (Schopp and Hill, 2009). Additionally, an effective communication system flowing mutually within the administration is a great challenge. Great leaders have strong personalities, policies, will, and vision that promote the general good of the society. The war on both drugs and terrorism is far from over, at least with the current leaders occupying the relevant offices that combat these issues. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of leadership in the global society, especially on the war against terrorism and drugs. Drug Abuse History and Legislations Terrorism and drugs have been a persistent issue in countries all over the world, especially in Western nations such as the United States of America. The war on drugs, a term coined in 1971 by US President Richard Nixon, in the US is a controversial policy seeking to define and reduce illegal drug trade. At the frontline of the war are policies that discourage consumption, production, and distribution of illegal psychoactive drugs in the US and the rest of the world. In the early years of the twentieth century, most of the drug market was significantly unregulated. Medication remedies containing derivatives of heroin and cocaine were distributed freely without awareness or prescription, thus majority of consumers were unaware of the potent of the drugs (Lal, 2008). In 1886, the Supreme Court ruled against regulation of commerce by state governments, unfortunately leaving the skimpy federal government to enforce existing drug

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Executive Summary - Essay Example A 2003 study by the National Center for Education Statistics found that at least 52% of Miami-Dade struggled to complete basic skills like reading a menu or a bus schedule. In our research, we found that the percentage of those living below the poverty line in different categories of Miami population are as follows: 36.8% of children, 35.1% of married-couple families, 10.5% of single parent families with no wife and 54.4% of single parent families without husband. Â   There is need for creating opportunities that can enable the low-income families learn computer skills that can lead to better job opportunities. This will also equip the parents with the necessary resource. There is also need to motivate each child to achieve his or her dream despite his/her financial situation. A greater impact can be realized by sponsoring Kiwanis Club in Little Havana. Based on this, we have decided that we can help Kiwanis Club by implementing ideas to raise funds or computer donations in order to advance this great

Analysis of Warmart annnual report 2009 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Analysis of Warmart annnual report 2009 - Essay Example Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. functions Wal-Mart discount stores, super-centers, local markets and Sams Club sites in the United States. The company also functions in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom (Wal-Mart Issues 2009 Annual Report to Shareholders). According to Rob Walton, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the world requires a retailer that saves individuals’ money to provide them a better life. The director of the company is proud to know that millions of customers as well as the new ones are turning to them for their service. They are better placed than ever to meet the requirements of our consumers and members. Their approaches are distinctly defined and their management group is united and focused on distributing the best possible experience for customers and associates. The merchandising group functions with suppliers to guarantee value, diversity and quality. What works behind their success is the global price leadership position. They are much more committed to sustainability, liable sourcing and affiliate opportunity which creates a difference for them. Development opportunities keeps on emerging even in complicated business environments. Their major strength is their consistency which in turn helps them to maintain leadership. Mike Duke is committed to the values and goal that are Sam Walton’s birthright, in addition to the members, consumers and shareholders. Lee Scott, ex-CEO for nine years, assisted Wal-Mart to reach heights of sustainability, variety and inclusion of all individuals and helped the owners to engage with others on crucial issues like health care, and also supported to strengthen Wal-Mart’s status as a reliable and caring company. The management of Wal-Mart always tries to present its financial reports in a clear and

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds Assignment

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds - Assignment Example The story begins in a pet shop in San Francisco where a young lawyer, Mitch Brenner, is unsuccessfully trying to buy his younger sister, Cathy, a pair of lovebirds for her 11th birthday. He meets and remembers the wealthy socialite Melanie Daniels, who, apparently, does not recognize him, and he plays a joke on her by treating her as a salesclerk. Attracted to him, she impulsively buys two birds, which she secretly delivers to Mitch’s home in Bodega Bay. On her way back, she is attacked by a seagull, after which she meets Mitch on the mainland pier and he convinces her to go back home with him. The following day, during Cathy’s birthday party, a group of birds attacks her and her friends and, the same evening, finches swarm down the chimney in their hundreds into the Brenner home. There is panic as a chicken farmer, Dan Forsyth, is pecked to death by his own birds which then cause a fire at a gas station and threaten children as they leave school. After a school teacher named Annie Hayworth is also killed by birds, panic mounts in the town and residents flee to San Francisco. Mitch decides to board up all his house’s entrances and wait for the attack. The birds are unable to gain entry after pecking on the doors and tearing at shingles. However, tragically, they manage to make a hole in the roof and attack Melanie who went up to the attic to investigate a noise she had heard. Although Mitch managed to save her, he acknowledged that his own home is no longer safe from the birds and also flees to San Francisco amid a moment of silence from the birds into an uncertain future as the film ends (Mcgilligan 21). This paper will identify the film’s theme and discuss how the director used sub-genre and combined genre elements to project that theme. The theme, which is predominantly suspense/horror, is strategically brought out by a strange relationship between humanity and nature. The plot may appear to be banal, but the director manages to depict horror by turning garden birds, not birds of prey, against mankind. Bodega Bay, a small town in California is suddenly and without apparent explanation subjected to violent and widespread attacks by birds.  

The rise of Single Parenthood in Contemporary Britain Essay Example for Free

The rise of Single Parenthood in Contemporary Britain Essay Sociology has given us insights into our understanding of the rise in single parenthood in Contemporary Britain. Single-parent families have become increasingly common in Britain. According to government statistics, in 1961, 2 per cent of the population lived in households consisting of a lone parent with dependent children, but by 1998 this had more than tripled to 7 per cent.  According to Hantrais and Letablier (1996), Britain has the second highest rate of lone parenthood in Europe, and is exceeded only by Denmark, and rates in countries such as France, Greece and Portugal are much lower than those of Britain are. Children may start their life living in a single-parent family. However, the single parent may well find a new partner and marry them or cohabit with them. The child will then end up living with two parents.  It should also be noted that many children who live in a single-parent household do see and spend time with their other parent. Further more even in two-parent families, one parent (usually the mother) might be responsible for the vast majority of the childcare. There are many reasons why lone parenthood can come about. People who are married can become lone parents by divorce, separation or death of a spouse. Lone parents who have never been married may have been living with the parent of the child when the child was born, but they subsequently stopped living together. They may not have been living with the parent of the child when they were born. Official statistics give some indication of the frequency of the different paths to lone-parenthood, but do not provide a complete picture. Official figures for Britain shows that the largest proportion of female lone parents in 1995-7 were single, with about a third being divorced and just under a quarter separated. The figures for those who were single do not differentiate between those who were cohabiting when the child was conceived and those who were not. These proportions have changed over time. Clearly the rise in lone motherhood is closely related to increases in the divorce rate and tot he increase in births outside marriage. The increase in single lone mothers may partly result from a reduction in the number of shotgun weddings. Marriages that resulted from pregnancy were often unstable and could end up in producing lone motherhood through an eventual divorce or separation. Now, the partners may chose to cohabit rather than marry and, if their relationship breaks up, they end up appearing in the statistics as a single, never married, parent. The absence of cohabitation does not necessarily imply that the parents do not have a close relationship some writers see the rise of single parenthood as a symptom of increased tolerance of diverse family forms.  There are a number of reasons for supposing that the welfare state is not responsible for the increases. Some commentators dont believe that lone parenthood gives advantages to those seeking local authority housing. In 1993 John Perry, policy director of the Institute of Housing, said Ive not been able to find a single housing authority which discriminates in favour of single parents over couples with children. The homeless get priority, but there is no suggestion that a homeless single parent gets priority over a homeless couple. Single parents who are reliant upon benefits tend to live in poor housing conditions and to have low standards of living. There is little material incentive to become a single parent. There is evidence that a large majority of single parents do not wish to be reliant on state benefits. They would prefer to work for a living but find it impractical to do so. Single parenthood has increasingly become a contentious issue, with some arguing that it has become a serious problem for society.  A vast majority of the population would still agree, I think, that the normal family is an influence for good in society and that one-parent families are bad news. Since not many single parents can both earn a living and give children the love and care they need, society has to support them; the children suffer through lacking of one parent While most commentators agree that single parenthood can create problems for individual parents, many sociologists do not see it a s a social problem, and some see that it is a sign of social progress.  Some view the mother only family as an indicator of social disorganisation, signalling the demise of the family. Others regard it as an alternative family form consistent with the emerging economic independence of women. More controversial that the low average living standard of lone parents is the question of the psychological and social effects on children raised in such families. Findings of a number of American studies, which seem to indicate that children are harmed by single parenthood. These studies have claimed that such children have lower earnings and experience more poverty as adults; children of mother-only families are more likely to become lone parents themselves; and they are more likely to become delinquent and engaged in drug abuse. The findings of such studies must be treated with caution. In a review of research in lone parenthood, Louise Burghess notes that some research in the relationship between educational attainment and divorce suggests that children in families where the parents divorce start to do more poorly in education before the divorce takes place.  David Morgan does believe that the evidence suggests that the children of single parents fare less well than those from two-parent households. He qualifies this by saying that we still do not know enough about what causes these differences; as with the effects of financial hardship, the children would be affected by the stigma attached to coming from a single-parent family.  It is very difficult to disentangle the direct and indirect effects on children of being brought up in a single-parent household and therefore dangerous to make generalisations about such effects.

Naturalism A Movement In The European Drama English Literature Essay

Naturalism A Movement In The European Drama English Literature Essay On the other hand, parallel to Naturalism, another movement was born; Realism. It was a general movement in the 19th century theatre that developed a set of dramatical and theatrical agreements, in order to bring a greater loyalty to real life, to texts and performances. Realism began first in Russia and then it spread in the rest of Europe. Also, the beginning of both Realism and Naturalism happens at the same time as the scientific revolution. Realism of 19th century is connected to the development of modern drama which it began to exist in 1870, with the work of the Norwegian dramatist, Henrik Ibsen. So, the main representatives of Naturalism and Realism are the following: Balzac, Flaubert, Emile Zola, Henrik Ibsen, etc. During Naturalism there were two different literatures: the stage and the novel. In France, for half a century, there were two different styles: the theatrical style and the novelists style. These two styles had nothing in common and a subject which could be put in a book, could not be placed on the stage. In the beginning, we could could in French stage dialogues only for two people, unformed pieces of work, which performed in the public square. But as time passed, halls were built and tragedy and comedy born . M. Victorien Sardou is the actual representative of the comedy with plot. He is the inheritor of M. Scribe. Victorien Sardou removed all the all tricks and put new ones. He is one of the workmen of his period, who work toward their strength for a formula which other people dont have the genius to carry out in its completeness. His work was important and he gave to the public a taste for life and reality. M. Alexandre Dumas fils had done a better work. He is one of the most skilful workmen in the Naturalistic period. We can say that to him, we owe the physiological studies on the stage. Even if he was a bit unmeasured in some points, because of him the play became a problem that had to be solved. Finally, Dumas never used truth in his plays. During the 19th century, the dramatic author is enclosed in a strict frame: he must pay attention in all sorts of necessities. He has to provides truth evidences and try to persuade the audience that what he watches can really happen to anyone. But unfortunately, the theatre wasnt always acceptable from the audience. There have been many rejections of great plays, such as Ghosts from Ibsen- because critics thought that he talks about themes that are abandoned in their society (like syphilis, open relationships between men and women, etc). Actually, I believe that this reaction from the critics -but also from the audience- is accepted, because the themes that playwrights used, were pretty pioneer for that period and for their way of living. Of course the facts that they used happened in reality, but it was pretty unusual to touch themes like these on theatre, and that really socked them in the beginning. But as he can see afterwards, they overcame this way of thinking. At the same period in France Andre Antoine (1858- 1943) continued the great work of Emile Zola and Henrik Ibsen, to France and he opened there the first theatre of Europe, which called Theatre-Libre. His production of Ghosts was the first recorded production of Ibsen in France, but unfortunately they pronounced it a failure. After this, Antoine became a director and he tried to make some modifications in the field of direction. He also became well-known for his stage settings. Finally, Antoine tried to apply a new stage philosophy- that he produced- but not only to the new realistic plays, but also to the classics ( Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc). Eventually, his productions became very famous. In Germany Otto Brahm (1856-1912) inspired by Antoines Theatre-Libre, open his Freie Buhne in Berlin in 1889 and his first play production was predictably Ghosts by Ibsen. He was for ten years a scholarly critic in Berlin and he was also Germanys leading advocate of Zola, Ibsen and the Naturalistic movement. Brahm, unlike Antoine, was assisted by well-educated actors and directors. Also, he tried to apply his new methods to the classics plays (as Antoine did) without looking back to the results of the previous. He believed that the classics had to live and change with their audiences, because a play may be old but the art of drama is always new and immediate. As we can see, Naturalism and Realism had a big influence in the history and the progress of drama in all the European cities. There were rejections and juxtapositions as it was obvious for that period, but these facts, didnt make Realism and Naturalism to loose their power and their importance in the history of Theatre. Even today these two terms are famous to everyone; only from this you can see the great influence of them, not only in the Theatre, but in many fields of our lives. 1. A Sourcebook on Naturalist Theatre: Ibsens Naturalistic Drama Henrik Ibsens (1823-1906) development as a playwright can only be understood in terms of the cultural battle of Norwegian independence. There was a continuity in the most general thematic terms, between his earlier heroic drama and his naturalistic work. Ibsen would like to represent reality in all of his plays and give to the audience/reader the impression that everything that appears in the play can really happen. In order to succeed this, he used three (3) main things: a) the stress of modernity, b) the individualization of even minor characters, and c) the use of everyday speaking language. Ibsen also believes that the influence of the play has to do with the spectator and the sense of feeling as if he/she was listening, looking at events that do happen in real life. In some plays (e.g.: Ghosts) the critics called him responsible for the opinions expressed by a character in the play and also that the book represents nihilism. But as he replied, nothing really happens. Furthermore, Ibsen had a practical experience as a theatre-director and this helped him with the writing of his plays and the way that he should represent Naturalism in the stage. Finally, as E.F.S. Piggott wrote, all of the characters that Ibsen used were morally deranged, the heroines were dissatisfied and had problems with their marriage, and men/heroes were all villains or foolish. 2. Ibsens Realistic Aesthetic Some of the major realists of 19th century are: Ibsen, Flaubert, Henry James, Balzac, Dickens, George Eliot, etc. all of them have differences between them. Here Ibsen talks about the Realistic Aesthetic. First of all, in literature, the realistic aesthetic focus on reality and downgrade the main subject. Realism maintain that any any subject is suitable to be used, if it represents reality. In other words, the new attitude in realism and naturalism, elevates arts above the subject and the artist is the one who made the subject important. In Flauberts work, the aesthetic dimension is being used very much,especially with irony (like Ibsen). For Ibsen Realistic aesthetic, the old form of drama had been stopped to be valid. Therefore, the struggle of the human spirit, in order to achieve greater authenticity as it moves forward, had to take up and abandon one spiritual drama after another. Finally, the Realistic aesthetic (for Ibsen) can be derived into two more things: a) a highly critical or sceptical attitude towards conventional ideas of reality, and b) from a number of causes (philosophical, moral, historical, social, etc), which undertake a posture of animosity, quickly reciprocated, towards conventional society. Naturalism on the stage- Emile Zola (1840-1902) Emile Zola talks about Naturalism and the meaning of it, about its representatives, novels and theatre of that period, and their characters. He also talks about the novelists of Naturalism and the great evolutions of the stage in France. Zola believes that naturalism exists from the first time that a person began to write. He also insists that naturalism as we know today, began from the savants who had worked like the poets. So, one day they decided to experiment, before they conclude. They abandoned supposed truths and they used analysis, rather than synthesis. This was an evolution for that time. So, the same happened in literature: there were only real characters, a true history of each one and the story of daily life. During Naturalism, novel and stage had nothing in common (especially in France) and a subject that could be put in a book, couldnt be placed in the stage. Balzac and Stendhal were first in the Naturalistic novel, and then Flaubert and, MM Edmond and Jules de Goncourt continued their work. Finally, in the French stage, we meet Victorien Sardou, Alexandre Dumas and Emile Augier who had a great impact in the Naturalist stage of France (each one for a different reason). Naturalism, Realism and The New Wave à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Naturalism and Realism Some people believe that Naturalism is virtually synonymous with realism. Even Emile Zola (one of the earliest champions of Naturalism) often used the terms interchangeably for Naturalism and Realism. But the New Wave mentioned that Naturalism and Realism different and each one represented two different formal projects. Also, the movement which moved beyond naturalism rejected Naturalism as a particular tradition of theatrical practice and this moved also to the directors, critics and also the writers. In the post-war context, Naturalism was quite a shorthand for the practices of the theatre before 1956, the chosen form of the directors, dramatists and critics that associated with it. Arnold Wesker, one of the most associated with naturalism writer, argued that: Naturalism (and also Realism) doesnt really exist, its an impossibility, because reality is quite obviously every minute detail. Furthermore, one of the main objections to Naturalism was that placed in a second importance questions of form and method. Finally, as Stanislavsky criticised his own work in terms of the defence of Realism and Naturalism, he said that Realism in art is the method that helps to select only the typical from life. If someone is Naturalistic in the stage, it only shows that he/she is not still able to talk about and perform historical and social essence of events and characters. 5. Realism and Naturalism The beginning of Naturalism and Realism happens at the same time as the scientific revolution. The new play was against the romantic form of drama, which was very popular during 19th century. Some of the main representatives of naturalistic and realistic novelists are: Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, Ibsen. When Realism arrived many people seemed to be socked by this, because they were used to the romantic movement, which was different. Realism tried to put on the stage only the things and facts that we can observe in our real life. Emile Zola (1840-1902) was the first who described a naturalistic theory in literature. His novel, Therese Raquin (1873), is the first milestone of the movement. Zola believed that everything had to be real in theatre, in order to persuade the audience. This would happen with characterizations, ordinary people as protagonists, correct use of language and dialogues. Henrik Ibsen (1823-1906) was a playwright who wrote A Dolls House (1879) and Ghosts (1881) both well known for different reasons. In the same period in France, Andre Antoine (1858-1943) opened the Theatre-Libre (1887), where Antoines production of Ghosts was the first production of any play of Ibsen in France and it pronounced a failure. In Germany, at the same time, Otto Brahm (1856-1912) inspired by Antoines theatre, he opened in Berlin the Freie Buhnel Theatre(1889), where his first production was also Ghosts. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Class Handout. Realism and Naturalism Innes, Christopher. A Sourcebook on Naturalistic Theatre. Routledge: London, 2000 Johnston, Brian. Text and Supertext in Ibsens Drama, University Park,PA; London:Pensylvania State, University Press, 1989 Lacey, Stephen. British Realistic Theatre: The New Wave in its Context 1956-1965. London; New York Routledge, 2002 Zola, Emile. The Experimental Novel and Other Essays, translated by Belle M. Sherman. New York: The Cassell Publishing Co., 1893

The Outsiders Movie Review Essay

The Outsiders Movie Review Essay The Outsiders movie is based on a book written by S.E Hinton. The story takes place in Oklahoma in the 1960s. It is about two gangs or social classes named the greasers and the socs. The greasers are the poor ones who live on the east side of town and the socs are the rich ones living on the west side of town. The socs enjoy going to the east side to beat up greasers. The main character is Ponyboy Curtis, an orphan living with his two older brothers. One night, after a fight at home Ponyboy and his friend Johnny Cade who also has problems at home, run away. Rising action of the movie is when the two boys spend the night at the park and get in a fight with some of the socs. The socs wanted to teach the boys a lesson because earlier that night they allowed themselves to go out with two soc girls. One of them was Sherry Valance goes to the same school as Ponyboy and is Bob Sheldons girlfriend. Johnny stabs Bob to death as he was trying to drown Ponyboy in a fountain. They run away and h ide in an old church away from town. Climax of the story is when the church sets on fire during a school visit and some children become trapped inside. Ponyboy, Johnny and Dallas Winston (Dally), a friend who came visit the two boys, run into the church to save the children. They in turn become heroes with their pictures spread all over the newspapers. Falling action of the story involves Johnny staying in the hospital because of his broken spine and severe burns. Also, after juvenile trials Ponyboy and Johnny are declared as not guilty of the crime and Ponyboy is allowed to stay in custody of his oldest brother Darry Curtis. However, the two gangs didnt want to let their arguments rest until they fought a fair fight. So they arranged for a rumble which the greasers won. In the denouement, Ponyboy and Dally go to the hospital to inform Johnny of the good news. Apparently Johnny dies during the visit. Out of anger and grief Dally robs a store and forces the police to shoot him down w hen he refuses to turn himself in. Ponyboy finds a note that Johnny wrote him before his death. The most obvious conflict in The Outsiders is the conflict between the two different social groups, a class versus class conflict. Greasers are poor and many of them have to drop out of school to help financing their families. Whereas the socs are rich kids with expensive cars and receive education with no worries. The gap between the two classes makes the socs look at the greasers as trash of the society. The class versus class conflict gives rise to a physical conflict between the socs and the greasers. Throughout the story there are physical fights between the two groups. Socs mainly do it for fun and also to prove to themselves that they are better and stronger than the greasers. There are two other conflicts in the story both in which Ponyboy is involved. Ponyboy appears to be in conflict with himself. At the beginning of the story Ponyboy is on his way home from the movies. He is spotted by a group of socs who chase him and beat him up. Ponyboy is well aware of the conflicts be tween the greasers and the socs and knows the danger of walking home on his own, but he still does so because he struggling to accept the hard life he is forced to live. He thinks it is unfair that he has to worry about simple things like going home from the movie when the socs can live their life the way they want to without any restrictions or worries. Moreover, Ponyboy likes literature and nature which is odd for a normal greaser. He struggles to reveal himself in front of others, because he knows they wouldnt understand him. The other conflict would be Ponyboy versus life or circumstances. Ponyboys parents passed away in a car crash. Since then he has been in custody of his oldest brother Darry. He always compared Darrys actions with those of his parents. He thought if his parents were alive he would be better off with them because Darry was too strict. Ponyboy also interpreted Darrys strictness as hate. He felt it was unfair for him to have a brother who only yells at him and tells him what to do. He also felt life was unfair towards his other brother Sodapop who had dropped out of school to work at a gas station in order to help financing their family. The Outsiders discusses a variety of themes. The first and major theme is the gap between the different social classes, particularly the gap between the rich and the poor. The story shows that the rich take advantage of their authority. They look down to greasers and see no value in them. They look at themselves as the better part of the society, hence they allow themselves to do whatever they want. But greasers have limitations. They can only defend themselves, they could never allow themselves to start a fight with the socs because they would not get away with it like the socs do. When Ponyboy and Johnny were having a walk with Sherry and her friend, Bob and his friend Randy show up and demand that the girls leave with them instantly. Sherry asks Ponyboy not to take it personal if she does not say hello at school. This incident, on the other hand, implies that socs may also have restricted actions due to the large gap between them and the greasers. Sherry fears of losing respect of other socs if she talks to a greaser at school. The restriction or limitation that the gap has placed on Sherry might appear not be as significant as the one placed on the greasers. Still, it is of great matter because it shows that problems between the socs and the greasers have an effect on both groups. The second theme is about bravery. The Outsiders makes a valued point with this theme, which is that bravery is not about what class you belong to. Bravery is more about individualism. After the fire, when Ponyboy was in the ambulance car and told the teacher accompanying him to the hospital that he was a greaser, the man was surprised and wouldnt really believe him. This emphasizes that the society judges the greasers and views them as uncivilized people. The society would have never expected such brave action from a greaser. Another vey important theme would be the appreciation of family. Before the death of Bob, there was not much harmony between Ponyboy and his brothers. Darry was nearly always giving Ponyboy orders or shouting at him, which upset Ponyboy. Sodapop was torn between the two sides. When Ponyboy ran away with Johnny, the brothers learned to appreciate each other, especially Darry and Ponyboy. Ponyboy finally understood that Darry loves him and Darry learned that he should just change the way he treats Ponyboy so they could have a better life. The last theme would be the changes one undergoes during adolescence. Ponyboy matured throughout the story becoming more wise, understanding and less judging. After recollecting his conversation with Sherry and her actions, Bobs death and a conversation with Randy, Ponyboy realizes that socs have different sides too. They could be good people too. Ponyboy is the narrator and the main character of the story. He is a dynamic character and develops in a number of ways. Ponyboy is a greaser like his brothers and his friends, but also differs from them in many ways. Ponyboy is dreamy and innocent when compared to most greasers. He is not as tough and experienced as the others. Despite the fact that he is poor and the environment he lives in is quite uncivilized, Ponyboy is a good student and also interested in literature, nature and movies. Ponyboy knows that this isnt normal for a greaser, so he keeps his thoughts mainly to himself. Sometimes however he shares them with his brother Sodapop because he does not judge him and tries to be understanding of Ponyboys different side. When Ponyboy ran away with Johnny to hide at the church, he used to read to Johnny Gone with the wind. Also, once while watching a sunrise with Johnny, Ponyboy cited a few lines from the poem Nothing Gold can stay by Robert Frost. Johnny was amazed by the lin es and Ponyboy learned that Johnny had a different side too. He could understand literature and was appreciative of the beauty of nature like Ponyboy was. This encouraged him to open up and reveal himself to Johnny. Throughout the story Ponyboy becomes more experienced, mature and understanding. He learns too look at the full picture and not take things only from his point of view. When Dallas went to visit Ponyboy and Johnny in the church, his brothers send him a note telling him how much they miss him and that they want him back home. It is then when Ponyboy realizes that Darrys strictness comes out of love. He learns to understand that Darry loves him and that he fears that through any mistakes or misbehavior Ponyboy is might taken away from him and put into boys home. Ponyboy learns also not to be one-sided and not to judge people by what group they belong to. When Ponyboy goes back to town, he gets in a conversation with Randy. Randy tells him that he thinks his actions are brave and heroic and that he wouldnt have saved the children in the burning church. Ponyboy also gets to know from Randy that he grieves over Bobs death and that he regrets what happened, and that he is tired of the on-g oing conflict between socs and greasers. For the fist time Ponyboy looks at Randy as a normal guy and not as a soc. Ponyboy realizes that socs are not just sophisticated and materialistic people, they too have problems in their lives that seem almost perfect. When Sherri testified in the trials saying that Bob was the one looking for a fight with Ponyboy and Johnny, and decided work as a spy for the greasers bringing them information about the socs plans for the rumble, Ponyboy comes to understand that not all socs are the same, not all socs are for injustice. Ponyboy also realizes, with the help of Johnny, that he has other options than the rest of the greasers. Johnny left Ponyboy a note, in which he told him to stay gold, like in Robert Frosts poem. Johnny wanted Ponyboy to realize that there is much more to life than just the conflict between the greasers and the socs. By telling Ponyboy to stay gold, Johnny wanted Ponyboy to stay innocent and pure, and not let the problems with the socs make him tough, aggressive, and careless like most of the greasers. This made Ponyboy accept himself and the fact that he is different from others. To conclude, the story of The Outsiders has good content, even though it is an older one. I think its themes and conflicts are highly valuable as they still address many of the issues in todays world. It would be a good movie for the young people to watch because there are definitely things they could learn from the movie.

Historical Truth Essay -- essays papers

Historical Truth Historical Truth? As a child sits through history class in the first grade, he or she learns of the relationship between Christopher Columbus and the Indians. This history lesson tells the children of the dependence each group had on each other. But as the children mature, the relations between the two groups began to change with their age. So the story that the teenagers are told is a gruesome one of savage killings and lying. When the teenagers learn of this, they themselves might want to do research on this subject to find out the truth. But as one searches, one finds the inconsistency between the research books. So the question is, who is telling the truth? Mary Louise Pratt and Jane Tompkins probe these difficulties of the reading and writing of history, specifically at the problems of bias and contemplative historical accounts. In â€Å"Art of the Contact Zone,† Pratt explores the issue of whose version of history gets favored and whose gets limited by analyzing the circumstances surrounding Guaman Poma’s and de la Vega’s letter to the King of Spain . In â€Å"‘Indians’: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History,† Tompkins investigates how history is shaped in accordance to personal biases and cultural conditions of historians by questioning different writings about Native Americans. Each author comes to the conclusion between history and subjectivity, meaning that history is problematic. The historical accounts pondered by Pratt and Tompkins through historical text allows them to realize that every account that a historian calls a fact is really a perspective. Pratt’s concepts of â€Å"contact zone,† â€Å"autoethnography,† and â€Å"ethnography† are supported by the historical ideas in Tompkins essay. The c... ...from reading both essays one would find this to be true. For example, the historical documents encountered by both authors found some conflicting ideas. Comparing the two authors strategies to read history, Pratt does a complete job. A complete job means reading primary sources from both the inferior and superior cultures. This way she could get the full picture of the actual accounts of the â€Å"contact zone.† On the other hand, Tompkins does not read both types of texts, only â€Å"ethnographic texts† and comes to her conclusion. But the basis of Pratt’s and Tompkins’ essay is of the essays they read. Therefore each author is biased in their own nature. There biases come from their culture, which affects the way one sees or understands, and writes history. So whose view is right? It is oneself who ultimately decides on which historical point is true based on ones biases.

Comparing Mountain Lion and Badger Essay -- English Literature

Comparing Mountain Lion and Badger These are two poems that were written at the beginning and end of the nineteenth century. The views on animal hunting and animal cruelty are very different today. Animals such as badgers were hunted for sport; it was considered to be entertaining to track a badger using dogs and capture and torture it until death. Animas such as the Mexican mountain lion were hunted in Mexico for a profit, their fur was a highly sought after fashion item and was sold at very high prices. Both the poems describe animals that are put through a chase before they are killed. The badger is portrayed as aggressive and fierce yet he is demure, the first two characteristics are masculine but the badger also seems to be in controlled and is calm and collected. The mountain lion is portrayed as a beautiful, elegant creature. The curves of her body also accent the curves in the hills of the environment that she lives in, these are all feminine features. In Badger the poet works more on building up the character of the badger whereas in Mountain Lion the poet focuses more on the image of the mountain lion, he concentrates a lot on describing the lifeless face of the now dead mountain lion, " Her round, bright face, bright as frost." And, "Her round, fine-fashioned head, with two dead ears:" The imagery in Badger brings the poem to life; the poet uses alliteration, "And drives the rebels to their very door." This puts emphasis on the fact that the badger is fighting back and will do everything in his power to survive. The word, "drive" is repeated many times throughout this poem and is a metaphor that best describes the way that the badger pushes the crowd on, it shows that he is in control of ... ...s the impression that something has to be done to stop the hunting of badgers which when the poem was written was not illegal as it is today. Mountain Lion persuades the reader into thinking that the death of this animal was unneeded and will now leave a gap, and empty void in the environment that it once lived. The poet also makes the shocking declaration that he thinks, "how easily we might spare a million or two of humans And never miss them. Yet what a gap in the world, the missing white frost-face of that slim yellow mountain lion!" this gives the horrendous impression that the poet feels that a mountain lion is much more valuable to the world than several million humans. The poet wants the reader to feel regret for the death of the animal and also wants the reader to feel that they need to personally do something to prevent this from happening again.

Canadian Trade Balance Analysis :: essays research papers

Canada   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Canadian economy and the United States economy tend to move together because of the amount of transactions that take place within the two nations due to their geographical proximity. With the United States recently experiencing a downturn in the economy, analysts estimate that the Canadian economy will not be far behind. However, in the past 10 years the Canadian economy and especially the trade balance have been very healthy. Current Account   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since 1992, Canada has increased their amount of exports of goods year-in and year-out until slight downfalls in 2001 and 2002. However, between 1992 and 2000 they raised exports from $135 billion to $289 billion, an increase of 114%. Imports of goods also rose consistently over that nine year period from $128 billion to $244 billion. The key fact there though is that imports rose only 90% compared to a rise in exports of 114%. This has allowed Canada to maintain a very healthy trade balance, which has also risen consistently except for a few decreases in 1997, 1998, and 2002. They have not run a trade balance deficit on goods once since 1992.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada’s trade balance for services is similar to their trade balance for goods from a growth perspective, but with fewer breakdowns. Both exports and imports of services took very small hits in 2001. Overall, between 1992 and 2003 exports and imports of services rose 105% and 65% respectively. However with services the Canadian economy continually ran a deficit over this 12 year period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada’s overall balance of goods and services also rose every year except for 1997, 1998, and 2002. They initially were running an overall deficit in 1992 and 1993 from a larger deficit in services than surplus in goods. The most common trend that is evident is that every trade category dropped in 2001 and/or 2002. There were no real substantial drops and the declines were quickly met with increases in the following years. It is likely that Canada’s economy felt at least some of the effects of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 because they are such a large trading partner of the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statistics indicate that Canada has primarily been an investor abroad, with substantial amounts of cash flows leaving the country. Again, both of these accounts grew almost every year. Between 1992 and 1997, funds received dropped only once in 1993. Likewise, funds invested abroad dropped only once within this time interval in 1996.

Role of Finance in Parle G Company

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Should the military age enlistment be raised to 21?

In a high school in Texas, there's a table set up in the corner of the lunch room. Two clean cut men sit behind it, chatting casually about something unimportant. They're trying to get high school students to join the military. But in this particular high school, the students aren't allowed to drink soda or leave the cafeteria for lunch; because they're not capable of making healthy meal choices. So the question here is should the military age enlistment be raised to 21? There are so many speculations about why not should the age be raised. one can be that we would have a much smaller military or a lot of teens who join the military for the benefit for college cannot will afford to go. But the fact is that an 18 year old kid is too immature for many reasons. Recently released studies indicate that our decision making capabilities are not fully developed until we reach our early 20s. That data would indicate that not only would the average teenager be unable to make a wise decision in life but also mean that will be unable to make quality decisions while in the service. Also another hypothesis its, why in to many states, young people under the age of 21 are considered to be too immature to drink alcohol or to vote in this country, but the government can put a deadly weapon into their hands to make a life or death decision. in order to these there are not well educated to make a well informed decision. I’m not saying that something miraculous occurs by the time they turn 21, but that will give them a little more experience to make the right choice. In considering this subject, two phrases come to my mind: Young and dumb and older but wiser. Those two key phrases say a lot about maturity and the human mind. So my conclusion is, the government accepts that an 18 year old is too immature to use alcohol responsibly, to leave school grounds, or to pick a college course without some guidance. But if our culture is willing to accept those as truth, we must also accept that an 18 year old is not mature enough to make a measured decision to go to war-and certainly an 18 year old is not mature enough to engage in that war with a full understanding of what that means.

Citizen United vs. Federal Election Essay

Analyze the arguments presented in the â€Å"Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission† case to determine which arguments you find the most persuasive. Explain both your rationale and the probable impact of the outcome of this case on corporate governance moving forward. Prof Armstrong I must agree with the argument of Justice Stevens†¦.In the context of election to public office, the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant. Although they make enormous contributions to our society, corporations are not actually members of it. They cannot vote or run for office. His argument was based on the distinction between corporate and human speakers. I feel that because corporations contribute a vast amount of money to political candidates for election they believe they have the right to dictate our countries policies. The breakdown of this argument basically shows the more Money you have (Corporations) the greater your Power (voice) in the political arena. (Halbert, T., & Ingulli, E., 2012 p. 34). The breakdown of this argument basically shows the more Money you have the greater your Power (voice) in the political arena. From the e-Activity, discuss ways in which the company you researched could leverage corporate social responsibility as a competitive strategy. Provide specific examples to support your response. I believe this argument fits in well with my discussion on the attempted merger between AT&T and T-Mobile. According to the wall street journal AT&T is one of the top 10 companies to give political contributions in the current election cycle (2012). The donations include monies give to political parties, candidates, and political action committees. AT&T attempted to gain a monopoly in the telecommunications arena by merging with their small competitors. The more money you have the deeper you power and influence over politics. Sources: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/02/corporate-political-donations_n_1644375.html Halbert T., & Ingulli, E. (2012). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment. (7th ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Egyptian and Roman Empire Essay

Though there have been many greatly noted civilizations of the ancient world one might see those of the Egyptian and of the Roman Empire as two of the greatest. There were many contributing factors to the success of these two societies as well as there downfalls. One reason the Egyptians was a successful in the ancient world was due to their environment. The main reason for the strength of the early Egyptian society was the Nile. The Nile kept a majority of Egypt’s riverbanks full of lush greenery and plentiful natural resources. The Nile provided fresh water, free transportation, endless agricultural possibilities, as well as trade aspects. In ancient times all people depended on the river for their existence. Egypt flourished for 3,000 years because of the people’s ability to harness the power of the great Nile. The importance of the great river is reflected in ancient Egyptians daily life. It shows through in their art, religion, writing, as well as social lives. The river helped shape their society as well as their existence. Religion also greatly affected the Egyptian society greatly. Their religion was one based upon the central idea of polytheism. Where they believed in a series of many gods and goddesses. Even the Egyptian kings or â€Å"Pharos† as they were called, were even referred to gods on earth. Society and their religion were based mainly upon keeping the gods happy and content. Often times offering them sacrifices and other gifts to keep the Egyptian people free of torment and disaster. Everything in life depended on the gods. From fertility, to the rising of the sun and moon, crops, as well as the great Nile. The gods could be fair or vengeful, or so was the theory of the Egyptians. Thus why they tried to keep them eternally happy. Another powerful if not the strongest civilization of ancient times was the Roman Empire. Much like the Egyptians Rome also focused on location as an ideal place for starting a civilization. Rome was a city protected by hills. It had many great routes in out and out of the city mainly used for trade. Since Rome had such a good defensive standpoint a citizen could feel safe living there. ROMs location also added up to a large amount of cultural diffusion being the center of ancient life during its time. The Roman Empire also used every one of its available resources very well. From natural resources to manmade, they used everything. From The great roman military building roads, for travel and trade, which was a large part of roman life. Romans were also very smart, using great techniques in art, architecture, and labor forms. Ancient Rome was the only place to have running water, sewers, roads, as well as an outstanding military. But they also had a people’s republic, which gave the citizen an actual voice in society. Rome also took advantage of war. With every war came more slave labor, be to used in any way shape or form that they desired. Thus making Rome the most civilized as well as the least civilized of its time.

Security Contemporary Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Contemporary Issues - Research Paper Example The paper will then explore how the issues affect security operations, make proposals for solving the identified issues, and provide necessary measures for successful implementation. Identified issues One of the major issues that face and threaten organizations’ security is the presence of hackers into private information systems. Hackers can be individuals or groups of people who illegally gain access to organizations’ systems with the ill will of extracting information. Technological revolution that has led to overreliance on technology to process and store information enhances the risk because large volumes of information are electronically compressed and stored in centralized locations in easily portable capacity. This makes it even easier for hackers, if they succeed in gaining access to the source of information, to obtain large volumes of information. Even though access to information can be gained by physically breaking into an organization’s information centre, electronic information, and communication system that is globally linked, only requires security access checks before data can be accessed from any location. Threat to information security by hackers is therefore a major problem that has been facing ever organization (Armonk, 2012). Poor technology for ensuring security against external attacks on an organization’s security is another major issue. Though major security threats have always been known to organization, the major problem has been how to tackle the threats. IBM, a security firm, identifies the use of inappropriate technology as a barrier to controlling security breaches. Either organizations lack the capacity to acquire protective technologies or they do not have the capacity to integrate available technologies to maximize security levels (Armonk, 2012). How the issues relate to and affect security operations The issues have direct relations to security operations. Since the major role of the security depa rtment is to ensure that an organization’s assets are protected, a failure in this role implies failure by the department to meet its responsibilities. While the whole organization bears the loss due to the breach, the security department is the one that is directly held accountable. Consequently, any security breach has great impacts in the operations of the security department in an organization. An immediate impact of a security breach on security operations is an induced need to respond to the breach. This is normally aimed at either stopping the breach, if it is still in progress or developing strategies for identification and elimination of vulnerabilities in the security department (Cisco, 2001). A security breach will also result into launched investigation over the nature and extent of damage caused by the breach. The department must also review the situation for measures of preventing further attacks. Another impact of security beach on the operations of the securit y department is the intrusion into the department’s activities by ‘outsiders’. The information technology department will for instance be involved in security operations. The department, especially after an electronic breach, will have to be invited to make new installations and improvements on technology systems. Law enforcement agencies will similarly be involved in the department’s operations for criminal investigations. Security breaches therefore imply induced

Theory of planned behavior( Ajzen, 1991) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory of planned behavior( Ajzen, 1991) - Essay Example The theory relates human behavior to beliefs, arguing that our behavior is influenced by our beliefs. The following study expounds on the Theory of Planned Behavior. The theory of planned behavior was coined by Icek Ajzen in 1985 after seemingly developing it from his joint proposal with Martin Fishbein’s of the theory of reasoned action in 1975 (Fishbein & Cappella, 2006). The theory of reasoned action was developed from many other proposed theories such as the attribution theory, the consistency theories, the expectancy-value theories, and the learning theories. As such, the theory of planned behavior is far-fetched; containing multiple frameworks from many other [proposed] theories. Ajzen coined this theory after evaluating and concluding that individual theories did not satisfactorily attempt to explain human behavior which, according to him is a â€Å"complex and difficult task† (Ajzen, 1991). Behavioral intention: This is the extent to which an intended behavior has motivational factors. It states that the higher the intention to perform a behavior, the higher the chances of it being performed. Social norms: Social norms are simply the standard customary codes as perceived by the larger context of society. In short, it is the level to which a behavior is acceptable or unacceptable according to society. These constructs are categorized into three contexts, that influence human behavior; individual attributes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. According to the theory of planned behavior, these three elements combined are what determine intention and/or action. They are discussed herein: Ajzen developed the context of perceived behavioral control from Bandura’s self-efficacy concept which states that a person’s ability to execute a behavior depends on their perception of its difficulty or ease. In short, a person’s belief is what motivates or demotivates them from executing a certain action. Belief may act as an

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership (Indians call Essay

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership (Indians call centers) - Essay Example In many organizations, the issue of stress has recorded an escalating trend over the years. In this context, therefore, there is a dire need for managers and leaders to come up with effective mechanisms that can alleviate the causative agents of stress in the workplace. Stress has been linked with the ability to reduce job satisfaction, employee involvement and engagement in the workplace and most importantly derails the ability of the organizations to maintain an upward trend of job performance (Elliot, Herbane and Swartz, 2009). Putting this in perspective, it is warranted to argue that critical management and leadership cannot be alienated from the fact that, organizations need to perform their utmost best. In this context, therefore, this essay shall endeavor to highlight the Indian call centers and the repercussions of critical management in the workplace. The essay shall also scrutinize the contributions that critical leadership and management has imposed on the Indian call centers. The implications of critical management on leaders will also be a point that will be put under careful consideration. These two factors will be discussed under the theme of workplace bullying in the Indian call centers. ... To a great extent, the form of bullying that takes shape in this workplace has been accredited to the fact that, the employees have made great attempts to fit in the demanding conditions of the workplace. Workplace bullying according to Oade (2010) has been described as the negative implications that revolve around aggression and hostility in the workplace. If the bullying becomes extreme and persistence, there is a great likelihood that the entire process will be recurrent; thus, cause massive effects on the employees. One of the major reasons behind the predicaments in the workplace is that employees are continually subjected to circumstances in their environments that result into consistent exploitation in the workplace. Indian’s call centers are responsible for employment of a myriad number of people in Indian call centers. The Indian call centers serve a large clientele base, inclusive of the United States of America. Cruz and Noronha (2009) indicate that it is this fact that has led to outsourcing beings a major setback in the operations of the Indian all centers. The employees of Indian call center are not only faced with the challenge of handling Indian’s large clientele base, but also clients from other nations. In the perspective of the development of the country, this can be attributed to the solution towards development, but in the context of employee satisfaction, it can be argued that the workplace is a burden to almost all its employees. In terms of working hours, Cruz and Noronha (2009) argue that the employees in the call centers hardly have time for themselves. A case in point is when the management of the call centre made attempts to come up with

Auditor Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditor Independence - Essay Example Each time such news grabs headlines questions are raised about the expected role of auditors to be the whistle blowers on first whiff of material fraud or manipulation and if they had compromised their role by losing their independence. Investigation into reasons for Enron failure in particular revealed that its auditors had colluded with the management in weaving a web of complex financial transactions creatively to help window dress the dwindling fortunes and losses in return for hefty non audit fee. The firm was found guilty and indicted which brought about break up of one of the five largest audit firms of the world namely Arthur Anderson. Now there are only four big audit firms in the world namely, Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) Deloitte & Touch, KPMG and Ernst & Young, popularly known as the big four. Recently another big four firm namely Price Waterhouse Coopers' name has been dragged into another scandal of global proportions i.e., "Satyam", the software company based in India. This company had overstated its revenues for a number of years and falsified accounts to show nonexistent bank deposits. Once again the role of Auditors was reviewed and it is primarily concluded that the auditors had accommodated the management in creating the charade. The auditors responsible for signing the reports are behind bars for criminal conduct in rendering services. In Australia too there have been cases of failed entities like HIH Ltd and Harris Scarfe were both placed into administration in the 2001/2002 financial year and subsequent investigation revealed irregularities in the financial statements of both. Around the same time, the Australian companies One-Tel, Impulse Airlines, Ansett and Pasminco also collapsed, seemingly without warning, suggesting a deficiency in the corporate governance practices of these companies (Walker et al, 2008, p. 9). Just like SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) of USA, CLERP 9 (Corporate Law and Economic Reform Program was enacted in response to public outcry over the seemingly expensive presence of auditors without commensurate accountability towards their functions to be discharged in an objective and honest manner. Thus a "conflict of interest" situation must be avoided by auditors. A formal enactment only strengthens and structures the conduct expected of auditors as a matter of best practice while discharging their duties. Explanatory Memorandum to CLERP 9 (4.19) states that the inclusion of an objective standard in the general auditor independence requirement is critical for enforcement purposes because objectivity, being a state of mind, is not, except in unusual circumstances, subject to direct proof. The difficulties associated with identifying a compromise of independence are also inherent in the nature of the audit process. Accordingly, the perception of auditor independence, as demonstrated by external facts and circumstances, under an objective standard takes on great importance. Main impact on audit function as a result of this legislation is summarised below: Partner rotation in all public interest entities with different partners namely engagement partner, the individual responsible for the engagement quality control review and other audit partners on the engagement team who are responsible for key decisions or

Comparison and Contrast of Republican and Democrats Assignment

Comparison and Contrast of Republican and Democrats - Assignment Example There are many different opinions on issues between Republicans and Democrats. The opinions range from health care, taxes, military, abortion, and foreign policy. There has been a long history between the two parties. The history dates back to the late 1700s and middle 1800s. The founding of the two parties marked the beginning of the debating. Americans were forced to choose sides. The side that you chose says a lot about what your beliefs, values and your difference in philosophy are. The Republicans are generally considered conservative, pro-business and against bureaucracy. The party was founded in 1854 by President Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican President during the anti-slavery expansion and American Civil War. Republicans follow traditional values which focus on unified families such as biblical foundations, moral codes, and values that are passed down from generation to generation. The Democrats are liberal and favor, government, society, equality, are against discrimination and environmentally conscious. The foundation of the Democratic Party dates back to before American independence from British Rule in 1792 and was organized by Thomas Jefferson. Democrats believe in each having an obligation in our community, each other and family. They pay remembrance to ancestors, slavery, immigrants and the belief that status and wealth does not entitle one to rule. Republicans are strong in Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma whereas, Democrats are strong in California and Massachusetts. Economically the Republicans favor that taxes should not be increased for anyone especially the wealthy and wages should reflect the market. Democrats, on the other hand, favor the poor, minimum wages and tax increase in the wealthy.  Ã‚  

Connection Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Connection Project - Research Paper Example It was expected that after the implementation of these laws, education would become much more accessible to all kinds of children, even more so for children with special needs. However, even after a few decades of having the laws implemented, there were still observed shortages of teachers that specialize in educating handicapped children, as well as the presence of certain inadequacies with regards to the retention of certified teachers for special education, and as a result schools had to resort to either decreasing the services for children due to understaffing, or even allowing under-qualified or unqualified personnel to do these tasks for the benefit of giving these children their education. In order to address the problem, several factors have been identified that were observed to have been causing the shortages of special education teachers, as well as their retention within the educational institutions, and in turn solutions can be formulated so that school administrators suc h as heads or principals could undertake in order to alleviate, if not remove the issues concerning the insufficiency of teaching staff for children with special needs. It is no secret that special education is a teaching field with greater challenges than regular education, mostly because of the kind of students that are being serviced in this field. Because of the greater diversity of the needs of students in special education in comparison with regular schooling, there is also a need to employ instructors that were trained and educated specifically for each kind of disability that the school decides to serve. However, despite having these kinds of information made available for school administrators, there were still observed shortages of special education teachers, especially the qualified ones (Billingskey & McLeskey, 2004). At present there are five areas in special education identified to have the highest shortages of certified instructors: emotional/behavioral disorder; mult i-categorical disability; severe/profound disability; learning disability; and mild/moderate disability (McLeskey, Tyler & Flippin, 2003). Other instructors with fields of specialization that cover other kinds of disabilities such as mental retardation, education for the visually-impaired, and the hearing impaired were also lacking, which not only prevents the education of children with special needs but also the school’s ability to implement IDEA and NCLB properly and efficiently. Several survey results found out that the problems for such shortages were multifactorial in nature. Certain researches regarding the reasons why there were numerous shortages for qualified special education personnel, which were either tied to the schools’ policies, administrators, as well as to the personnel themselves. First of these is how schools categorize their disabled students, especially those which reported to have high numbers of students having disabilities (Greene, 2009). Due t o some administrators unable to fully understand how children are selected for special needs education or not, clashes between the special education teachers themselves and the administrators happen, for example some children that have domestic problems and thus struggled in their academics were incorrectly-labeled to be disabled when in fact these children were considerably normal when compared to handicapped children, and eventually such measures prevent the