How medicine and surgery improved between 1870 and 1900 Essay Example

How medicine and surgery improved between 1870 and 1900 Paper The late 19th century was a period of enormous medical change and progress. Many diseases that had been fatal in 1800 were either treatable by 1900, or a cure would be found very early in the 20th Century using techniques developed by 19th-century scientists. Doctors, chemists, and scientists investigated medicine using new scientific technology made available by the Industrial Revolution, and made discoveries that changed the face of medical practice. Most important was the development of the germ theory (1857) by Louis Pasteur, a discovery that gave doctors and scientists the key to understanding, treating, and preventing disease. There was huge progress in discovering the causes of disease in this period. For centuries common sense had told people that there was a connection between dirty conditions and disease but they had yet to explian what the link was. In the early 1800s it was explained by miasma or bad air which was given off rubbish and decaying matter. In the 1850s however, French scientist, Louis Pasteur became interested in micro organisms and developed a theory that these germs, as he called them, were the cause of the problem. Aided by developments such as the microscope Pasteur discovered particular microorganisms growing in a vat of alcohol that was going bad. He was called in by other industries who had similar problems and concluded that germs were responsible not only for milk turning sour, but also wine, beer etc going bad. Building on the work of Pasteur, the German doctor, Robert Koch, found a way to stain micro-organisms so that they could be observed more easily. Using his methods the causes of diseases were identified very quickly. In 1882, for instance, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis was discovered. We will write a custom essay sample on How medicine and surgery improved between 1870 and 1900 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How medicine and surgery improved between 1870 and 1900 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How medicine and surgery improved between 1870 and 1900 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There was also development in the treatment of diseases. Kochs success in the 1880s spurred Louis Pasteur into action again. In 1879 him and his team were able to successfully vaccinate chickens against cholera using an attenuated (weakened) form of the disease. In 1881 Pasteur demonstrated in a public display the vaccination of sheep against anthrax. In 1882 he developed a vaccine that could prevent rabies; a disease that caused certain death and suffering in the process. Inspired by Pasteurs work the German physiologist, Emil Von Behring was able to develop an antitoxin that would treat cases of diptheria and tetanus (1890). The former had been a scourge of the population, especially children, whereas the other was a leading cause of death in wars due to infected wounds. Such a discovery came about with the knowledge that it was certain substances, called toxins, which some bacterium such as tetanus secrete, that cause disease. There was also improvements in surgery in this period. Surgery in the early 1800s was dangerous and painful. Surgeons had to work quickly and there was no way of completely relieving pain suffered by the patient. Infection was perhaps the greatest danger; germs entering wounds could cause blood poisoning and gangrene. Almost half of all patients who had leg amputations died because of infection. Until the acceptance of the germ theory in the 1860s, surgeons did not take any precautions to protect open wounds. They reused bandages, thus spreading disease from patient to patient. Doctors did not wash their hands before an operation, nor did they sterilise their equipment. However once they concluded that it was the germs that were causing complications surgeons started developing way to prevent them entering wounds. Joseph Lister, for example, experimented with carbolic acid (1867) which he had seen used to treat sewage. He found a thin mist of carbolic acid sprayed over the wound during surgery limited infection. By following this with careful bandaging the wound would heal and not develop gangrene. While an effective antiseptic carbolic acid was unpleasant to use so many doctors and nurses didnt like it or use it. It was discovered in the late 1800s, however, that hot steam killed more germs than the carbolic acid spray. Surgeons started steam sterilising their surgical instruments using an aseptic method which applied to all equipment in the theatre, creating a germ free environment. The problem of pain was once which was solved to a certain extent in the late nineteenth century. In the early 1800s there were still only three operations which surgeons could carry out with some success: the amputation of limbs, trephining and the removal of superficial tumours. All were carried out as swiftly as possible to reduce the pain suffered by the patient. However, medical knowledge was advancing rapidly and some surgeons felt that if the patient could be knocked out, then there would be no resistance and this would give them more time to operate and could improve their techniques. During the same period chemistry was developing and scientists were finding that certain chemicals could have an effect on the body. Ether was used by J. R Listoon in London in 1800 to anaesthetise a patient during a leg amputation. However ether had severe drawbacks. It irrated the lungs, causing the patient to cough during the operation. It was also unstable and produced inflammable vapour. In 1847 the effects effects of chloroform were discovered and it was soon used to help relieve womens labour pains during childbirth. However chloroform was more dangerous to a patient than ether especially when adminsitered by an untrained practioner. Local anaesthetics became more widely used as these did not seem to produce the same side effects as gas treatment. Anesthetics based on cocaine started to be used from 1884. The late nineteenth century marked a time of key discovery. Scientists were able to identify the causes of and largely treat a wide range of diseases. With the knowledge of the germ theory surgeons made greater efforts to prevent the spread of disease in the operating theatre by devising new aseptic and antiseptic methods which, while not perfect, significantly improved the success rate of operations by limiting infection.

Free Essays on Durango Street

Is Dally’s Death a Suicide? The definition of suicide is self murder. Sometimes suicide can happen if you feel depressed or sad, or if a friend of family member had been killed. This kind of incident may make you feel like you could kill yourself. I had a friend die from suicide; it was a serious deal. There are ways to get help with these kinds of feelings: you can get help from a guidance counselor and you can also get medication from your doctor to help stabilize your emotions. In my friend’s case, he was getting some help but not always following his doctor’s directions. Some people kill themselves because they think being dead is better than the situation they’re in. Dally’s death is a suicide. There are a couple of reasons that give it away. Dally robbed a grocery store and then ran under a streetlight and said, â€Å"I have a heater,† (gun), but actually the gun was not loaded. The gun was used as a decoy. The police fell for it and started shooting at Dally and eventually killed him. Dally lost a friend named, Johnny, due to a serious injury caused from a fire. All the â€Å"Greasers† felt the loss. Dally led a very violent life. He had no parents and no guidance at all. He dropped out of high school. He and his friends caused trouble, smoke cigarettes, drank beer, fought, and went to parties for a good time. This is not what I call a normal life. Dally’s record caught up with him and he didn’t like it. He was always running from the police and looking for shelter. He probably got into more trouble in his 16 or 17 years of life than most people would in three lifetimes! This troubled lifestyle started when Dally was young. He was a very hard-nosed man and didn’t like taking advice from other people. Dally was a smart criminal. He knew when to do things at the just the right time. I feel that Dally finally realized that he was leading the wrong kind of lif... Free Essays on Durango Street Free Essays on Durango Street Is Dally’s Death a Suicide? The definition of suicide is self murder. Sometimes suicide can happen if you feel depressed or sad, or if a friend of family member had been killed. This kind of incident may make you feel like you could kill yourself. I had a friend die from suicide; it was a serious deal. There are ways to get help with these kinds of feelings: you can get help from a guidance counselor and you can also get medication from your doctor to help stabilize your emotions. In my friend’s case, he was getting some help but not always following his doctor’s directions. Some people kill themselves because they think being dead is better than the situation they’re in. Dally’s death is a suicide. There are a couple of reasons that give it away. Dally robbed a grocery store and then ran under a streetlight and said, â€Å"I have a heater,† (gun), but actually the gun was not loaded. The gun was used as a decoy. The police fell for it and started shooting at Dally and eventually killed him. Dally lost a friend named, Johnny, due to a serious injury caused from a fire. All the â€Å"Greasers† felt the loss. Dally led a very violent life. He had no parents and no guidance at all. He dropped out of high school. He and his friends caused trouble, smoke cigarettes, drank beer, fought, and went to parties for a good time. This is not what I call a normal life. Dally’s record caught up with him and he didn’t like it. He was always running from the police and looking for shelter. He probably got into more trouble in his 16 or 17 years of life than most people would in three lifetimes! This troubled lifestyle started when Dally was young. He was a very hard-nosed man and didn’t like taking advice from other people. Dally was a smart criminal. He knew when to do things at the just the right time. I feel that Dally finally realized that he was leading the wrong kind of lif...

Farming Transition Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Farming Transition - Article Example This is necessary and should be kept in mind because there are multi-agricultural families and structures developed whose roots are connecting to farming from the start and it is a family trade. The article points out to the fact that farming policies and the values of farmers do matter when it comes to making sustainable development in the area and reap benefits from the agricultural industry. The author sheds light on the fact that success in the agricultural field can be achieved through the proper understanding of the impact of cultures on farming. This is because every race has a different history and heritage which further has an impact on their objectives, visions and their accessibility to farmlands. This tends to have an impact on the way that every race manages the farms owned by them. The article describes that a wide diversity of farmers makes it more feasible to progress and gain economic benefits from the cultural farming legacies. Having a diverse farming structure doe s not necessarily mean that the business is bound to expand or grow in a profitable manner but can also cause a conflict in this agricultural dynamic change. It should also be noted that there is no gender equality when it comes to farming practices. Where in some cultures women are more involved than men in the trade, it might be the opposite in others. If a country needs to prosper, then the agricultural side of it should be dealt with on both federal and state levels. This ensures both sides of the party to benefit.

Plant Genome Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plant Genome Comparison - Essay Example ecause of its relevance to biosecurity as its seeds contain high levels of highly toxic ricin protein which acts as a ribosome inactivator (Chan et al. 1). For the purpose of the genomic comparison, three studies (The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, Ming et al. and Chan et al.) exploring the genome content of these plants have been used in the succeeding sections. The Carica papaya genome is three times larger than the Arabidopsis thaliana genome but has fewer genes. In fact, Carica papaya has lesser genes than any angiosperm so far sequenced. Its genome size is 372 Mbp while that of Arabidopsis thaliana is 125 Mbp. The genome of Ricinus communis is also fairly larger compared to Arabidopsis thaliana but smaller than Carica papaya, having a size of 350 Mbp. Compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, Carica papaya genome has lesser disease resistance gene analogues. It also has minimal angiosperm gene set and lacks a recent genome duplication, which is unusual for other angiosperm genomes so far sequenced. The genome of Carica papaya is largely euchromatic but also has highly condensed heterochromatin knobs that represent 30–35% of its genomic DNA. In Arabidopsis thaliana genome too, there are euchromatic and heterochromatic regions. Most protein coding genes in Arabidopsis thaliana reside in the euchromatic regions while heterochromatin regions around the centromere have transposons and other repetitive sequences. In fact, in Arabidopsis thaliana account for around 10% of the genome, almost one-fifth of the intergenic DNA. The genome assembly of Ricinus communis is fairly fragmented with several megabase-sized scaffolds. Fifty percent of the Ricinus communis genome is found to be repetitive DNA, one-third of which is retrotranposons and less than 2% DNA transposons. BLASTZ alignment studies of chromosomal segments of Carica papaya with syntenic regions in Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that 34.8% of Arabidopsis thaliana genes in any one segment correspond

Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ideology - Essay Example On 1st September 1939, Germany (Nazis) under the rule of Hitler attacked and invaded Poland. This action is considered as the primary provocation that caused of the Second World War. Hitler used fear and propaganda to spread nationalism within Germany. It would later give rise to the Nazis who were at the forefront of accomplishing the goals set up by Hitler (Lynch, 2013, 20). An example of the propaganda he spread stated that the Jewish community was solely responsible for the problems that plagued Germany. Hitler and his supporters and sympathizers made it their mission to eradicate Jews from Germany. Benito Mussolini was the youngest prime minister in Italy. He served as Italian prime minister from 1922 to 1943 (Warf, 2012, 282). He was a person who loved his country very much and disliked anyone who did not. He was a close ally to Adolf Hitler and supported Germany’s invasion of Poland. He started out as a democratic leader until 1925 when he dropped democracy in favor of nationalism, and he was one of the key figures in the creation of the dictatorship. Mussolini ruled with an iron fist and dealt viciously with individuals who were considered traitors to his course. His involvement with Hitler did not sit well with some of Germany’s critics mostly France and the United Kingdom. He was arrested after his forces were defeated subsequently executed by Italian supporters of Victor Emmanuel III. He died in disgrace just as his friend Adolf Hitler. Mussolini used propaganda to further his nationalistic views, and he went further as to force teachers and other civil ser vants to take public oaths as a show of loyalty to him and to Italy. Liberalism advocates for individual freedom with the addition of other freedoms including speech and religion. It is a fundamental belief whereby people are free to chase their goals in their own way just as long as they do not violate

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories Critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology. When studying the history of sociology, it is evident that the perspective of male scholars and theorists has been much more prevalent than that of females and has had a greater influence on the nature of society today. In patriarchal society, men have made their own knowledge and their own gender representative of the whole of humanity (Daly, 1973;8, cited in Spender, 1981). The most dominant theorists who pioneered sociology during their time, were males such as Durkheim and Weber, regardless of the fact that they had many female contemporaries (such as Webers wife, Marianne, who became a feminist and writer) who at the same points in history, had developed theories and conducted research of their own. This essay will aim to critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from this history, and will attempt to show arguments both for and against this statement. The exclusion of women in the history of the sociological field can only be fully understood when examining the exclusion of women in the history of society as a whole. For example in late 19th century England, women were not recognised as individuals. They were confined to the private and domesticated world, where they were unnoticed by public society. Some women did engage in more public activities, although there were restrictions, such as the factory legislation, which limited the involvement of women in the industrial sector. Men held formal power over the family, and women were confined to the private sphere of society and were excluded from the public sphere where they enjoyed few of the same benefits and privileges as men (Eisenstein, 1986). As during the 19th and 20th centuries, the dominant role of women was involved in the private sector rather than the public, this could perhaps have lead to the exclusion of women in sociological history. This meant that sociologists at the time were unable to conduct research on women, as they were unaware of the exact roles of women in this sector of society had. Additionally, at this point in history there were many other aspects of society that were to be observed, for example the industrial revolution. This created many changes in the lives of the working classes, and as such a majority of the work force was male, this only aided in the exclusion of women, as they were unavailable for observation by sociologists. It is because of this, that sociologists who sought information on working classes were unable to obtain sufficient information on the female workforce and accurately represent women. Instead they could only describe the working classes as being predominantly male and b ased the majority of theories on this (Spender, 1981). In 1865 Mill became a member of the House of Commons and fought for womens suffrage, and fought to amend the laws that gave husbands control over their wives money and property (Eisenstein, 1986). Such suppression is also evident in other sectors of society, for example women have been encouraged to specialise in less prestigious areas than men, and areas which are least likely to be thought of as preparation for any academic career (Roberts and Woodward, 1981). The omission of women from the expansion of knowledge in academic fields such as social and physical or natural sciences has been documented (Roberts and Woodward, 1981), this illustrating the lack of female perspective and lack of acknowledgement of females in academic fields. The majority of knowledge in our society is that documented and discovered by men, although has been passed off as the knowledge of mankind as they claim it is representative of the whole of humanity. The views of men have become the legitimate view of society as a whole (Spender, 1981). Even the knowledge that society has of women, is not from a female perspective, but that of male scholars. It is also men who controlled the media outlets, such as womens magazines in the 1950s, which dictated to women their expected roles and behaviours and according to Betty Friedan, was so influential in shaping their lives (cited in Spender, 1985). From more recent investigation, it seems that employment prospects of women in social sciences have yet to see much improvement (Roberts et al., 1981). Beard (1946, cited in Spender, 1981), insisted that women had actively contributed to the development of society throughout history, however as womens contributions to society had been ignored for so long, this only makes it easier for this to continue and also reinforces womens poor self image (Spender, 1981). It has been argued that women need to prove themselves to be better than their male counterparts in any field before they can be accepted. It is perhaps for this reason that there is little documentation on what women did in the past (Spender, 1981). However, throughout history women seem to have played a lesser role in times of crisis and revolution in comparison to men. For this reason Hexter argued that historians were concerned with the process of social change and that since women did not play a decisive role in such proce sses, they were not the legitimate subject of history (Spender, 1981; 55). In other words, the patriarchal society of this time did not see the actions of women to contribute significantly enough to deserve historical mention. Evidence of the continuation of this Despite the majority of sociologists, during times of the industrial revolution, focusing for the most part on the lives of the working classes (or in other words, working class men) Margaret Hewitt (1958, cited in Spender, 1981) was writing about the behaviours and experiences of wives and mothers in the Victorian industrial era. Even before this, Pearl Jephcott (1949, cited in Spender, 1981) wrote on Girls Growing Up which remains a classic text in sociology. This would suggest evidence against the exclusion of women in sociological history, as there were sociologists who were writing about them. Although these sociologists mentioned were themselves, women, and as previously described, the patriarchal society of the time did not see the opinions of women to be as important as that of men. Therefore it can be said that whist the place of women in society, and their lives, was acknowledged by female sociologists, as it is a male dominated field, their works were not to be regarded highly amongst their male counterparts. In identifying this, it can also be realised that the majority of well known female sociologists, are those which discuss the roles and lives of women, over that of men. Their stance on sociology, is that from a feminist viewpoint, rather than adopting the theories of the classical sociologists, such as Marx or Durkheim. Female sociologists who take these view points are to be forever in the shadows of the original male theorists, where as female sociologists who write and research under the principles of the feminist movement seem much more likely to gain wider recognition for their work. To conclude this essay it can be seen that women were not fully excluded from the history of sociology, as there were other women who wrote about them and documented their place in society. However at the same time they did not receive the same recognition as males in society did and were not seen to have such a significant role in the history of society. Therefore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology is largely true as their work and input have been much less appreciated and acknowledged in comparison to men of the same time. Jessie Bernard (1972, cited in Roberts et al., 1981) asked not what sociology can do for women, but rather what women can do for sociology. It can be seen that in the sociological field there is a definite bias towards the presence of men in society, both as subjects and as researchers, whilst that which involves women receives much less recognition. After all, the founding fathers of sociology, are the founding fathers and not the founding mothers (Spender, 1981). References: Eisenstein, Z. (1986). The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism. Boston: Notheastern University Press Roberts, H. and Woodward, D. (1981). Changing patterns of womens employment in sociology: 1950-80. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec., 1981), pp. 531-546. Blackwell Publishing [Online] available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/590132?seq=1 Spender, D. (1985). For The Record. London: The Womens Press Limited Spender, D. (ed). (1981). Mens studies modified. Oxford: Pergamon Press Limited

Abortion Kills Unwanted Welfare Children :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion Kills Unwanted Welfare Children Abortion is one of the most controversial issues around, and is an issue that will never be agreed upon. By bringing morals into the question of whether it should be legal to have abortions, this issue has been elevated to a higher level. By some people, it is no longer looked at as a question of choice but as a question of morality, and these concepts have led to a full-blown debate over something that really should not be questioned. Every women in America has the right to decide what to do with their bodies. No government or group of people should feel that they have the right to dictate to a person what path their lives should take. People who say that they are "pro-life" are in effect no more than "anti-choice". These pro-lifers want to put the life and future of a women into the hands of the government. Abortion, and the choice a women may make, is a very private thing and should not be open to debate. The question of morality should not even come into play when considering abortion, because in this case the question is not of morality but of choice and constitutionality. The ninth amendment states "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." This in turn, is guaranteeing a women the right to have an abortion. Pro-choice people say that abortion is the killing of a child, but pro-choice people do not consider the fetus a child. A philosopher, Mary Anne Warren, proposed that consciousness, reasoning, self-motivated activity, and self awareness are factors that determine 'person-hood'. But, a misconception that held is that people who are pro-choice are actually pro-abortion. Many people that support the right of a women to decide what to do with her own body may be personally against abortions. But, that does not mean that they think the government should be able to pass laws governing what females do with their bodies. Pro-choice people simply believe that it is the right of a women to assess her situation and decide if a baby would be either beneficial or deleterious to her present life.

Classical Managment Essay

Historical Foundations of management have been around for years and were first introduced by Fayol around the turn of the century . This essay will discuss three main points and questions around management, the first question will cover how modern management practices have evolved from the â€Å"classical approaches to management†. The second question will cover the challenges contemporary managers face in 2013 compared to managers in the era of the classical approaches and the third question will be around comparing and contrasting bureaucratic management to a style of management I have been faced with. This discussion will pay particular attention to Frederick Taylor’s scientific approach to management. How Modern Management Practices have evolved from the â€Å"Classical Approaches to Management†? The classical management approaches focus on developing universal principles for use in various management situations. There are 3 three major theories within the classical approaches. Scientific management, administrative principles and Bureaucratic organisations and these theories are still widely used in management today. Modern management approaches focus on the systems view of organisations and contingency thinking in a dynamic and complex environment. The modern management approaches to management grew directly from foundations established by the classical approaches. It has been proven in today’s working world you need to have a mix of the classical approaches and the modern management approaches to succeed in today’s environment. According to McDonalds case study the restaurants operate on classical management theory – there are elements of â€Å"scientific management from a former era (to maintain efficiency), as well as up-to-the minute human relations approaches to maintain the motivation of the â€Å"crew†. . Challenges contemporary mangers face in 2013 compared to mangers in the era of Classical approaches. A contemporary business environment refers to management trends in the 21st century – the year 2000 to now. . Globalisation plays a missive part in the changing challenges for contemporary mangers. Most companies move into international markets and by moving into different international markets there are different rules and regulations that need to be learned when doing business. It was Cited in that it is important for global organisations to employ people from other cultures who understand the customs and traditions of other countries and to deal appropriately with customers. This then brings different beliefs and cultural beliefs into the work place and contemporary mangers need to understand the needs of their employees. In today’s working environment multiculitlism is a growing factor and plays a big part in contemporary mangers needing to adapt to different management styles to help create the rights at work for its people, for example if your religion requires you to pray at certain times of the day, a manger would need to respect these religious beliefs and allow you to do so, back in the time if the classical era this would have not even been considered. It wasn’t until 1920s; an emphasis on the human side in the workplace began to establish its influence on management thinking . It was also cited in people are interacting with others who are different from themselves with biological, political, religious or cultural differences. This causes for the contemporary mangers to learn and adapted to new skills. If we look at the evolution of management practices over a period of time off from the era to now. It has changed dramatically and there are more practices to consider and adapt as a contemporary manger. Referring below outlines the evolution of management practices from the era to now and how much more a contemporary manger needs to consider then a manger in the era had to. Evolution of management practices Period /YearClassical Approaches 1890 Systemic Management 1900Bureaucratic Management 1920Administrative Management 1930Human Relations 1940Behavioural perspective Contemporary Approaches 1940Quantitative Management 1950Organisational Behaviour 1960System Theory 1970Contingency Theory 1990Total Quality Management 1990Learning Organisation 2000Business Reengineering CurrentStrategic Management Diversify in the workplace has also grown from the 1890’s to now. The amount of women workers in the work place has doubled over time; women in particular needs are diifernm It was cited in the journal article that Daft and Samson (2009) argued that rganisations are encountering new challenges to deal with diversity as more women and people from minority backgrounds are entering the workforce in the contemporary business environment PART B (some personal reflections) Scientific Management compared and contrast with current management style of what I have been faced with. Fredrick W. Taylor published the Scientific management emphasises careful selection and training of workers, and supervisory support. It has four guiding action principles: 1. if you check your presentation guidelines on page 7 of the Subject Outline and the extra information provided in Resources folder under Assignment Help in MGT100 Interact site you will see that subheadings are quite appropriate in business assessments. You could set you work out with meaningful headings to help guide the reader through your discussion. For example,  · INTRODUCTION (introducing both parts of the discussion)  · PART A – (optional heading) SUBHEADING 1 SUBHEADING 2 SUBHEADING 3  · PART B – (optional heading) SUBHEADING 4 (e.g. â€Å"some personal reflections . . â€Å")  · CONCLUSION (concluding both parts of the discussion)  · REFERENCES If your writing is very clear then it may not be necessary to include the Part A & B headings. Your primary responsibility is to make sure that your essay is clear and understandable to the reader. The best way to ensure this is to get someone else to read your work (preferably not a business student) before you submit. Question 2: I chose option two for the essay, Historical Foundations to Management. When considering ‘classical approaches to management’ is it suggestible that I mention (or cover) all theories, or just a select few which represent a cross section of the range of classical theories? Or, should I focus on only one or two theories? Suggestion: When in doubt put yourself in the reader’s position. The question asks about ‘classical approaches’, think about what you would want to know if you were reading a response to this question from a position of little or no knowledge of management theory. Also think about how many words you have available. That is, the more theories you include the less adequately they will be explained. It’s up to you to work out the balance between scope and detail. You can get away with most things if you explain to the reader in either the Introduction or very early on what your intended scope is (e.g ‘This discussion will pay particular attention to Fayol’s fourteen principles and Taylor’s four principles of management . . . etc). Then the reader doesn’t get disappointed to find his or her favourite theory has been omitted. This is what I think I would be silently asking myself:  · What is meant by a ‘classical approach’? and by implication . . .  · How is a ‘classical approach’ different to other approaches?  · How is the writer (you) going to make his case that classical approaches are still/not relevant today? Asking these questions would lead you to the sort of answers you are looking for with regard to ‘required theoretical content’:  · You really need to mention at least briefly the three big names of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber  · You really need to give a nod to the other big approaches such as quantitative, HRM, contemporary  · This is your choice and will be determined by personal interest, the sorts of case examples you use and word limits. You need to include enough material to be convincing. You won’t have to look very far with any of those big names to make a case. I imagine you will only have space for about 2 specific theories Carroll, S. J & Gillen D. J. (1984). The Classical Management Functions: Are They Really Outdated? P132-136. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.1984.4978715 Ambang, T, (2009). Challenges of contemporary management in Papua New Guinea, 10(2), p1-16.

Standardized Testing essays

Standardized Testing essays These days classrooms are dominated by standardized test. Politicians implement them and students jam for them. Classes seem to prepare the students for these tests. If you dont pass them then you wont be able to graduate, no matter your GPA. These tests are supposed to do measure your general intelligence after reviewing the curriculum of a class. Many believe (including myself) that the tests dont substancially cover the material or are too easy, but theres worse problems with it than what lies within the test itself. Most of the supports of these forms of test believe that its an easy way to measure a childs intelligence but this isnt true. Different people learn different ways, therefore when you force them into a test based form of learning they wont be able to understand the material and not do as well on the tests as they deserve. Another problem with forcing children into the same kind of learning is that they will all start thinking the same way over time. The types of people who learn the same are the types of people who have the same pattern of thought. As the amount of tests increase we will also increase the amount of people who have the general patter n of thought. When this happens we will live in a society with very little change. We increase technologies, not many kinds of systems will change that but the technologies made will be made to fit the current system we live in. An example would be a police force that has much more advanced technologies than our current system but for years that force has been chasing down and unjustly brutalizing them. The society that has everyone thinking the same will not stop police forces from beating the suspected criminals. We are currently on our way to producing drones to society. If you look at the world created by Gorge Orwell in the book 1984, its a world controlled by tyranny, and a wor ...

How to Conjugate the French Verb Accepter

How to Conjugate the French Verb Accepter The French verb  accepter  means to accept or to take. It is a regular verb, which means that conjugating it to fit a specific subject pronoun is relatively easy. This lesson will show you how to begin forming complete sentences in French with the proper use of  accepter. Conjugating the French Verb  Accepter Just as in English, we need to conjugate French verbs to match the subject pronoun used in the sentence. The pronouns are the I, you, he, she, we, and they in French, its j, tu, il, nous, vous, and ils of a sentence that forms the subject. When we conjugate regular verbs in French, it is often a simple matter of changing the ending of the verb. Luckily,  accepter  ends in -er  and follows the uncomplicated pattern of many other  regular -er verbs.   This chart shows you the conjugations for the word  accepter  in the various tenses and with different subjects.  For instance, to say I accept, you would say jaccepte. Likewise, he  will accept is il acceptera. Subject Present Future Imperfect j accepte accepterai acceptais tu acceptes accepteras acceptais il accepte acceptera acceptait nous acceptons accepterons acceptions vous acceptez accepterez acceptiez ils acceptent accepteront acceptaient The Present Participle of  Accepter The French equivalent to the -ing ending in English is -ant. This is called the  present participle  and for accepter, it is  acceptant.  You can use this in various contexts as an adjective, gerund, noun, or verb. The Past Tense of  Accepter Passà © composà ©Ã‚  is commonly used for the past tense in French. With  accepter, the auxiliary verb  used is  avoir, so you will use a conjugate of that helping verb to express the simple past tense of   accepter. Along with the auxiliary verb, you will also need the  past participle  of accepter.  In this case, it is simply acceptà ©. To bring these elements together, if you wanted to say I accepted, in French, it would be jai acceptà ©. More Conjugations of  Accepter Those are not the only conjugations for  accepter, though you should study them first. Once you have those memorized you can worry about a few special cases. The subjunctive and conditional forms of the verb are used to express mood. Subjunctive mood refers to subjective ideas  or those that are uncertain. Conditional mood refers to something that may or may not happen depending on conditions. Passà © simple and the imperfect subjunctive will be used in formal writing. While not necessary to know, its good to be aware of them. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j accepte accepterais acceptai acceptasse tu acceptes accepterais acceptas acceptasses il accepte accepterait accepta acceptt nous acceptions accepterions acceptmes acceptassions vous acceptiez accepteriez accepttes acceptassiez ils acceptent accepteraient acceptrent acceptassent The imperative form of a verb also expresses mood, but in this case, it is not necessary to use the subject pronoun. In this case, rather than saying tu accepte you can simply say accepte. Imperative (tu) accepte (nous) acceptons (vous) acceptez Similar Verbs to  Accepter Accepter is not the only French verb that means to take. It is used more in the way of accept or tolerate something. Other verbs mean to take something with (amener) or to actually take something (prendre). While you are learning how to use the verb  accepter, you will also want to look at these other French to take verbs. Understanding all of them as a group will help you know when to use which one.

Integrated Marketing Communcations and Customer Satisfaction Strategy Assignment

Integrated Marketing Communcations and Customer Satisfaction Strategy - Assignment Example The advertising strategy of the company will reflect the company’s mission to improve product and service offerings and make these products and services readily available. Advertising is critical for the company to let the general public know about the existence of the company. Customer awareness is a very important element of any advertising campaign (Knoll, 2012). The advertising initiatives of 360UP are going to help the company reach its marketing goals because more potential customers are going to realize of the existence of the firm’s products and services. â€Å"The value of advertising is based primarily on the number of potential customers that it reaches† (Meyer & Hester, 2003). The use of mass marketing campaigns can be effective at increasing the customer reach of the company. 2) Discuss how the effectiveness of the advertising will be measured. An advertising campaign is good if it is effective at accomplishing the company’s goals. 360UP is th e firm that is starting out in the market, thus advertising is critical to the success of the company. The organization will use various methods to determine the effectiveness of its advertising efforts. A simple way to measure how effective advertising has been towards the bottom line of a company is by determining if the sales of the company increased as a consequence of its marketing efforts. Keeping a weekly log of sales and comparing the trend over time is a way to determine if the company has achieved any sales growth after an advertising campaign. Negative sales growth after the implementation of an advertising campaign is an indicator of marketing failure. In order for a company to increase its customer base it must invest in advertising (Hawkins, 2009). There are other specific ways to determine the effectiveness of advertising efforts. The numbers of Facebook or Twitter users that follow the company online are a good metric to measure the effectiveness of online social med ia advertising efforts. If the company uses banner advertising the number of people that click on the banner is a metric that measures the effectiveness of the campaign. 3) Discuss the promotional strategies that may be used in addition to advertising. 360UP is a company that seeks to expand its business beyond the United States into various international markets. The company will need to use communication adaptation in the future to adequately target foreign customers (Kotler, 2003). Promotions are a great way to increase the revenues of the company in the short term. The first step in evaluating the effectiveness of a promotion is to acquire an understanding of why a customer is interested in purchasing a product or service (Taylor, 1965). 360UP must use a wide variety of promotional techniques to acquire and retain customers. Based on Pareto’s 80-20 rule a firm receives 80% of their customers from 20% of their clients (Hafner, 2001). The use of promotional campaigns can he lp increase the customer retention rate of the company. Five promotional campaigns that the firm can use to attract customers are daily specials, Tuesday extravaganza, flyer coupons, family meals, and value menus. The daily special would consist of offering a different meal from the menu each day at a discounted price. The Tuesday extravaganza is an offer in which the company offers all the meals in its menu at half price from 11:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M. The flyer coupons is a promotion that provides

The Roman Invasion of europe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Roman Invasion of europe - Research Paper Example The earliest civilization which influenced the development of the West was those of the Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is the origin of the agricultural revolution that began 10000 years ago with raring of domestic animals such as goats, ships and the plantation of the bread wheat. The Akkadians, Babylonians, Sumerians and Assyrians all thrived in this region (John 43). This lead to the beginning of civilization of the Sumerians and subsequently led to the wide spread of civilization in the coastal region of the Mediterranean Sea. The ancient people of the Mediterranean greatly influenced the beginning of the Western civilization (John 43). The Mediterranean Sea aided easy movement of people by providing reliable shipping routes linking Africa, Asia and Europe. By 3100 BC, the Egyptians were employing sails on the Nile River and the succeeding technology, together with astrological knowledge on wind and stars allowed naval powers such as Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans to navigate long dist ance and control large areas by commanding the sea. This gave rise to great capitals such as Roma Empire, Athens and Jerusalem (John 44). The earliest urban civilization of Europe belong to the Bronze Age Mycenaean Greece and Minoans of Crete, which ended around 11th century BC upon the beginning of the Greek dark Ages. The Minoans were heavily influenced by the Mesopotamia and Egypt civilization.